Interplanetary Spaceflight Index

Mercury

NASA Missions

Mariner Program

  • Mariner 1
  • Mariner 2
  • Mariner 5
  • Mariner 10 (1973): Successful Mercury and Venus flyby; first Mercury flyby and first multi-planet flyby.

Discovery Program

  • MESSENGER (2004): Successful Venus flyby and Mercury orbiter. First spacecraft to orbit Mercury.

Venus

Soviet Missions

1MV (Venus)

  • Venera 1VA ⁄ Tyazhely Sputnik: Failed Venus flyby. Upper-stage booster failure, stranded in low Earth orbit.
  • Venera 1: Semi-successful Venus flyby; flew past Venus, but returned no data due to communications failure.

2MV (Venus)

  • Venera 2MV-1 No.1 (Sputnik 19)
  • Venera 2MV-1 No.2 (Sputnik 20)
  • Venera 2MV-2 No.1 (Sputnik 21)
  • Venera 5
  • Venera 6

3MV (Venus)

  • Kosmos 21
  • Zond 1964A: Unsuccessful Moon or Venus flyby; believed to be test of Venus spacecraft.
  • Zond 1
  • Zond 2
  • Zond 3
  • Venera 1964A: Unsuccessful Venus flyby.
  • Venera 1965A: Unsuccessful Venus flyby.
  • Venera 3
  • Venera 4
  • Venera 5
  • Venera 6
  • Venera 7
  • Venera 8

4MV (Venus)

  • Venera 9
  • Venera 10
  • Venera 11
  • Venera 12
  • Venera 13
  • Venera 14
  • Venera 15
  • Venera 16

NASA Missions

Mariner Program

  • Mariner 10: Successful Mercury and Venus flyby; first Mercury flyby and first multi-planet flyby.

Pioneer Venus Program

  • Pioneer Venus Orbiter
  • Pioneer Venus Multiprobe

Magellan Project

  • Magellan: Successful Venus orbiter.

Galileo Project

  • Galileo: Successful Venus flyby and Jupiter orbiter.

Discovery Program

  • MESSENGER (2004): Successful Venus flyby and Mercury orbiter. First spacecraft to orbit Mercury.
  • VERITAS: Planned Venus orbiter mission for 2031.
  • DAVINCI: Planned Venus orbiter and descent probe mission for 2032.

Mars

Soviet Missions

Mars 1MV

  • Mars 1M No. 1 ⁄ Korabl 4 (1960): Third stage booster failure during launch; did not reach orbit.
  • Mars 1M No. 2 ⁄ Korabl 5 (1960): Third stage booster failure during launch; did not reach orbit.

Mars 2MV

  • Mars 2MV-4 No.1 ⁄ "Sputnik 22" (1962): Upper stage booster explosion during orbital burn; vehicle destroyed in low Earth orbit.
  • Mars 1 (Sputnik 23): Communications failure during midcourse flight; vehicle lost in space.
  • Mars 2MV-3 No.1 ⁄ "Sputnik 24" (1962): Upper stage booster failure during launch; vehicle stranded in low Earth orbit.

Mars 3MV

  • Zond 1964A: Unsuccessful Moon or Venus flyby; believed to be test of Venus spacecraft.
  • Mars 3MV-4A / Zond 2 (1964): Communications failure during midcourse maneuvering; vehicle lost in space

Mars 2M

  • Mars 2M No.521 (1969): Third stage booster failure during launch; did not reach orbit.
  • Mars 2M No.522 (1969): Booster failure during launch; did not reach orbit.

Mars 4M

  • Kosmos 419 (1971): Failed Mars orbiter. Upper-stage booster failure, stranded in low Earth orbit.
  • Mars 2 (1971): Semi-successful Mars landing; orbiter reached Mars but lander crashed due to parachute failure.
  • Mars 3 (1971): Semi-successful Mars landing; first landing on Mars but lander failed after 20 seconds. Only one partial image was transmitted.
  • Mars M-73
  • Mars 4
  • Mars 5
  • Mars 6
  • Mars 7

Mars 3MS

  • M-71 No. 1 / Kosmos 419 (1971): Upper stage booster timer incorrectly set; vehicle stranded in low Earth orbit
  • Mars 4 (1973): Guidance failure during Mars orbit insertion; vehicle lost in space
  • Mars 5 (1973): Successful Mars orbit.

Mars 3MP

  • Mars 6 (1973): Semi-successful Mars landing; second landing on Mars but lander failed after 224 seconds. Most data unreadable due to communications failure.
  • Mars 7 (1973): Failed Mars landing; lander deployed prematurely and missed Mars by 1300 km.

Mars 4NM

  • Cancelled due to failure of N1 rocket program.

Mars 5NM

  • Cancelled due to failure of N1 rocket program.

Mars 5M

  • Cancelled due to unreliability of Igla automatic docking system.

Phobos

  • Phobos 1 (1988): Unsuccessful Mars orbiter; operator error caused irreversible shutdown of maneuvering thrusters,
  • Phobos 2 (1988): Semi-successful Mars landing; orbiter reached Mars but was destroyed during attempted deployment of lander modules.

Mars 96 (1996)

  • Unsuccessful Mars landing; fourth stage booster failure during orbital burn, vehicle stranded in Earth parking orbit.

Fobos-Grunt

  • Unsuccessful Mars sample return; fourth stage booster failure during orbital burn, vehicle stranded in Earth parking orbit.

NASA Missions

Mariner Program

  • Mariner 4: Successful Mars flyby; first spacecraft to fly by Mars.
  • Mariner 6: Successful Mars flyby.
  • Mariner 7: Successful Mars flyby.
  • Mariner 8: Unsuccessful Mars orbiter; upper stage guidance failure, vehicle did not reach orbit.
  • Mariner 9: Successful Mars orbiter; first spacecraft to orbit Mars.

Viking Program

  • Viking 1: Successful Mars orbiter and lander.
  • Viking 2: Successful Mars orbiter and lander.

Mars Observer (1992)

  • Unsuccessful Mars orbiter; communication lost during midcourse flight, vehicle lost in space.

Mars Pathfinder (1996)

  • Successful Mars lander and rover; first rover on Mars. Mission exceeded planned duration of one week and conducted extended operations for five months before losing power.

Mars Surveyor 98 Program

  • Mars Global Surveyor (1996): Successful Mars orbiter. Mission exceeded planned duration of two years and conducted extended operations for seven years until losing power due to human error.
  • Mars Climate Orbiter (1999): Unsuccessful Mars orbiter; guidance calculation failure during Mars orbital insertion, vehicle disintegrated.
  • Mars Polar Lander (1999): Unsuccessful Mars lander; descent engine failure during Mars landing, vehicle crashed.

Mars Surveyor 2001 Program

  • Mars Odyssey (2001): Successful Mars orbiter. Mission exceeded planned duration of 917 days (2.5 years) and is still active.
  • Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander (2001): Cancelled

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (2005)

  • Successful Mars orbit mission. Mission exceeded planned duration of two years and is still active.

Mars Scout Program

  • Phoenix (2008): Successful Mars lander. Mission exceeded planned duration of 90 sols and conducted extended operations for five months.
  • MAVEN (2013): Successful Mars orbiter.

Mars Exploration Rover

  • Spirit (2004): Successful Mars rover. Mission exceeded planned duration of 90 sols and conducted extended operations for 2,623 sols (six years).
  • Opportunity (2004): Successful Mars rover. Mission exceeded planned duration of 90 sols and conducted extended operations for 5,352 sols (fifteen years).

Mars Science Laboratory

  • Curiosity (2011): Successful Mars rover. Mission exceeded planned duration of 669 sols and is still active at twelve years.

European Space Agency

Mars Express (2003)

  • Semi-successful Mars orbiter and lander; orbiter reached Mars but lander crashed during entry. Mission exceeded planned duration of four years and is still active at twenty years.

Jupiter

NASA Missions

Pioneer Program

  • Pioneer 10
  • Pioneer 11

Voyager Program

  • Voyager 1
  • Voyager 2

Galileo Project

  • Galileo: Successful Venus flyby and Jupiter orbiter.

New Frontiers Program

  • Juno: Successful Jupiter orbiter. Still active.
  • Dragonfly: Planned Titan lander for 2028.

Solar System Exploration Program

  • Europa Clipper: Scheduled Europa (Jovian moon) orbiter for October 2024.

Saturn

NASA Missions

Pioneer Program

  • Pioneer 11: Successful flyby of Saturn.

Voyager Program

  • Voyager 1: Successful flyby of Saturn.
  • Voyager 2: Successful flyby of Saturn.

Cassini-Huygens Project

  • Cassini-Huygens: Successful Saturn orbiter (Cassini) and Titan lander (Huygens). Also carried out successful flybys of Venus, Earth, and Jupiter. First space probe to orbit Saturn, and carried out a thirteen-year extended mission.

Uranus

NASA Missions

Voyager Program

  • Voyager 2: Successful flyby.

Neptune

NASA Missions

Voyager Program

  • Voyager 2: Successful flyby.